ABSTRACT
Este artigo procura demonstrar que a escrita clássica chinesa ideográfica é uma linguagem que se aproxima da forma como as representações inconscientes organizam-se no psiquismo. Para tanto, o autor analisa dois versos escritos em chinês e relaciona-os com as representações inconscientes e com os ideogramas mentais. Procura estabelecer ainda a relação do ideograma com a formação do pensamento inconsciente e, para isso, propõe um modelo gráfico, ilustrativo também para as associações de ideias. Por fim, o autor concebe o espaço mental triangular como estrutura do ideograma.
Este artículo pretende demostrar que la escritura china clásica ideográfica es un lenguaje que se aproxima a la forma en que las representaciones inconscientes se organizan en la psique. Para ello, el autor analiza dos versos escritos en chino y los relaciona con las representaciones inconscientes e ideogramas mentales. Su objetivo es establecer la relación del ideograma con la formación de pensamiento inconsciente. Propone un modelo gráfico, ilustrativo también para las asociaciones de ideas. Por último, concibe el espacio mental como la estructura triangular del carácter.
This article's purpose is to demonstrate that Chinese classical writing, also called ideographic writing, is a language that approaches the way unconscious representations are organized in the psyche. To this end, the author analyzes two verses written in Chinese and relates them to unconscious representations and mental ideograms. The author attempts to establish the relation between ideogram and the way unconscious thinking is formed. To this end, he proposes a graphical model, which may also illustrate mental association (association of ideas). Finally, the author conceives of a triangular mental space as a structure of the ideographic character.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Korean orthography is composed of Hanja (ideograms) and Hangul (phonograms). Based on previous studies, the fusiform gyrus has been associated with ideogram reading. We examine serial functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) images in a patient exhibiting dissociation of Hanja and Hangul reading to identify brain areas associated with Hanja reading. CASE REPORT: fMRI were taken of a 63-year-old man showing profound Hanja alexia with normal Hangul reading after an acute stroke involving the left frontal and parietal lobes, who later spontaneously recovered his Hanja reading ability. Scans were taken while performing Hanja and Hangul reading tasks on three occasions. As a result, in spite of having profound Hanja alexia, partial activation of the fusiform gyrus was observed on the first fMRI. Serial fMRI scans showed activation of the bilateral middle frontal gyri that increased in parallel with the patient's recovery of Hanja reading. CONCLUSIONS: The frontal lobe, not only fusiform gyrus, may play role in reading Hanja, although more evidence is needed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Brain , Dyslexia , Frontal Lobe , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Parietal Lobe , Reading , Stroke , Temporal LobeABSTRACT
Na década de 1950 Bion publicou artigos dedicados à clínica da psicose que são conhecidos por mostrarem a pertinência, o alcance e os desdobramentos possíveis dos conceitos de Melanie Klein. Embora a ênfase esteja colocada nos processos patológicos da posição esquizoparanoide, Bion também nota a existência de processos que participam dos primórdios da simbolização nessa mesma posição. Descreve as tentativas da personalidade psicótica de restaurar o ego danificado, bem como o uso comunicativo da identificação projetiva. Essa contribuição teórica é acompanhada de uma abordagem clínica que compõe um esboço das discussões do autor sobre o método psicanalítico nas décadas seguintes, em especial, sobre a importância de o analista observar qual a natureza dos fenômenos e pensar sobre o seu significado enquanto eles ocorrem.
In the 1950s, Bion published articles, dedicated to the clinical aspects of psychosis, that are known for showing the pertinence, grasp and possible developments of Melanie Klein's concepts. Although Bion placed his emphasis on the pathological processes of the paranoid-schizoid position, he also noted the existence of processes participating in the beginnings of symbolization in this position. He described the psychotic personality's attempts to restore the damaged ego, along with the communicative use of the projective identification. This theoretical contribution was accompanied by a clinical approach that formed an outline of the author's discussions in regards to the psychoanalytical method over subsequent decades, especially regarding the importance of observations on behalf of the analyst about the nature of the phenomena and of the analyst's thinking about their significance as they occur.
En la década de 1950, Bion publicó artículos dedicados a la clínica de la psicosis que son conocidos por mostrar la pertinencia, el alcance y los desdoblamientos posibles de los conceptos de Melanie Klein. Aunque el énfasis sea puesto en los procesos patológicos de la posición esquizoparanoide, Bion también advierte la existencia de procesos que participan del inicio de la simbolización en esa misma posición. Describe los intentos de la personalidad psicótica en restaurar el ego dañado, bien como el uso comunicativo de la identificación proyectiva. Esta contribución teórica va acompañada de un abordaje clínico que forma parte de un bosquejo de las discusiones del autor sobre el método psicoanalítico en las décadas siguientes, en especial, acerca de la importancia del analista en observar cual es la naturaleza de los fenómenos y pensar en su significado mientras ocurren.
ABSTRACT
Lymphocyte culture and partial karyotype of the marine turtle Caretta caretta (Testudines: Cheloniidae) in Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean. Over the past few years an important reduction in the number of nesting marine turtle Caretta caretta individuals has been registered in the Colombian Caribbean, raising the question of a possible extinction in the medium term. A conservation plan is needed. We studied the culture requirements for C. caretta lymphocytes and preliminary karyotype analysis for cytogenetic identification, immunological study and toxicology without the need to kill individuals. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 47 individuals in Santa Marta, Colombia and tests were made until optimal conditions were established for lymphocyte culture. The karyotype had 56 chromosomes, 32 macrochromosomes and 24 micro-chromosomes. An ideogram showed that C. caretta has four groups of chromosomes. Sexual chromosomes were not observed. These results do not coincide with the karyotype described from the Pacific (Japan). The present study is the first to include a complete description of the chromosome morphology of turtles from the Atlantic Ocean. it is possible that one of the adaptive strategies of this species is genetic interchange with other species of the family, producing viable hybrids. individuals in this study might be viable hybrids of C. caretta and further molecular studies are needed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1459-1469. Epub 2008 September 30.
En los últimos años se ha registrado una disminución importante en el número de individuos de la tortuga marina Caretta caretta anidantes en el Caribe colombiano, situación que pone en evidencia la posibilidad de su extinción a mediano plazo. Por esto, es necesario implementar planes para su manejo y conservación. En este estudio se determinaron los requerimientos del cultivo de linfocitos de Caretta caretta para la obtención de cariotipos que permitan la identificación citogenética, el estudio inmunológico y toxicológico de individuos sin necesidad de sacrificarlos. Se muestrearon 47 individuos de C. caretta de Santa Marta, Colombia obteniendo sangre periférica con la que se realizaron ensayos de las diferentes variables hasta obtener las condiciones óptimas para el cultivo convencional de linfocitos. El cariotipo obtenido presentó 56 cromosomas: 32 macrocromosomas y 24 microcromosomas. El ideograma mostró que C. caretta tiene cuatro grupos de cromosomas: el grupo A compuesto por doce (12) pares de cromosomas de mayor tamaño. El Grupo B compuesto por cuatro (4) pares de cromosomas medianos y pequeños y el Grupo C conformado por 12 pares de microcromosomas. No se observaron cromosomas sexuales. Estos resultados están en desacuerdo con el cariotipo descrito por Kamesaki (1989), debido posiblemente a que las muestras analizadas en ese estudio fueron colectadas en el Océano Pacifico (Japón). El presente estudio es el primero realizado con tortugas del Océano Atlántico que cuenta con la descripción completa de la morfología cromosómica. Es posible, que una de las estrategias adaptativas de esta especie sea el intercambio genético con otras especies de la familia, que produce individuos híbridos viables. En este aspecto se ha descrito la hibridación de tortugas Caretta caretta con Eretmochelys imbricata, Chelonia mydas y Lepidochelys kempii, esto sugiere la posibilidad que los individuos caracterizados en este estudio sean híbridos viables de C. caretta, por lo tanto, se hace necesario realizar estudios a nivel molecular.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cell Culture Techniques , Lymphocytes/cytology , Turtles/genetics , Atlantic Ocean , Colombia , Karyotyping/methods , Turtles/blood , Turtles/classificationABSTRACT
Korean written language is composed of ideogram (Hanja) and phonogram (Hangul), as Japanese consists of Kanji (ideogram) and Kana (phonogram). Dissociation between ideogram and phonogram impairment after brain injury has been reported in Japanese, but few in Korean. We report a 64-yr-old right-handed man who showed alexia with agraphia in Hanja but preserved Hangul reading and writing after a left posterior inferior temporal lobe infarction. Interestingly, the patient was an expert in Hanja; he had been a Hanja calligrapher over 40 yr. However, when presented with 65 basic Chinese letters that are taught in elementary school, his responses were slow both in reading (6.3 sec/letter) and writing (8.8 sec/letter). The rate of correct response was 81.5% (53 out of 65 letters) both in reading and writing. The patient's performances were beyond mean-2SD of those of six age-, sex-, and education-matched controls who correctly read 64.7 out of 65 and wrote 62.5 out of 65 letters with a much shorter reaction time (1.3 sec/letter for reading and 4.0 sec/letter for writing). These findings support the notion that ideogram and phonogram can be mediated in different brain regions and Hanja alexia with agraphia in Korean patients can be associated with a left posterior inferior temporal lesion.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cerebral Infarction/complications , Dyslexia/etiology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Task Performance and Analysis , Temporal Lobe/injuries , WritingABSTRACT
The salivary glands were exposed and isolated from the larvae of Simulium quinquestriatum and stained in carbol fuchsin, squashed between slide and coverslide. Slides were examined and photographed under microscope to measure the polytene chromosomes. Systematic analysis was made. Results indicated that the number of the polytene chromosomes of both isolates is three. The main characteristic chromosomal structures are homologized. Only the banding types of ⅡL are different.